Izvleček
V prispevku predstavljamo, kako se lahko spodbuja kulturo spominjanja z obeleževanjem obletnic pri pouku zgodovine. Razložena je teorija kulture spominjanja s ključnimi pojmi, kot so kolektivni spomin kot nadindividualna shramba spominov, generacija spomina, sposojeni spomin, časovne priče, ki prenašajo komunikativni spomin, ki z umiranjem časovnih prič prehaja v kulturni spomin. Slednjega se ohranja na institucionalni ravni s spominskimi dnevi (državni prazniki), spomeniki in spominskimi obeležji, izobraževanjem, kulturnimi ustanovami (npr. muzeji, arhivi) idr. Predstavljamo tudi dva odlična primera ohranjanja kulturnega spomina na mednarodni ravni, ki ju predstavljata obeleževanje koroškega plebiscita in spominska krajina na območju bojev iz časov soške fronte. Poudarek pa je na spodbujanju kulture spominjanja ob 30. obletnici slovenske osamosvojitve ter spominskih dni, povezanih s slovensko osamosvojitvijo, ki jih v obliki državnih praznikov obeležujemo vsako leto na državni in šolski ravni (obeleževanje dneva samostojnosti in enotnosti ter dneva državnosti je uzakonjeno). Razloženo je, kako doseči pozitivno identifikacijo z vrednotami slovenske osamosvojitve in države. Predstavljena so učna gradiva, ki so nastala ob 30-letnici slovenske samostojnosti in so namenjena vključevanju v spominske učne ure in proslave ter tudi v redni pouk, ko se obravnava tematika osamosvojitve. Vsa gradiva so objavljena na portalu www.zbralismopogum.si. Gre za časovni trak, ki je kot priloga priložen tej številki revije Zgodovina v šoli, na portalu www.zbralismopogum.si pa je objavljena njegova digitalna različica skupaj s preostalimi gradivi, ki obsegajo virtualno razstavo v treh delih z uvodnimi videofilmi z naslovi Plebiscit, Osamosvojitev, Vojna. Naloge in aktivnosti za učence za učenje z gradivi z navedenega portala so vključene v delovne zvezke za osnovno in srednjo šolo (dostopna sta na omenjenem portalu). Predstavljeni so tudi sodobni didaktični pristopi za spodbujanje kulture spominjanja, kot je delo s časovnimi trakovi, delo s primarnimi zgodovinskimi viri, s poudarkom na pričevanjih in virih prve roke (ki so del primarnih zgodovinskih virov), avtentično učenje z avtentičnimi nalogami v publikaciji Zbrali smo pogum, stopili smo skupaj, ki je namenjena obravnavi plebiscita, muzejsko učno delo, zgodovinsko terensko delo, projektno učno delo ter spominska učna ura v okviru pouka na daljavo. V prispevek pa je vključena tudi analiza učnih načrtov za zgodovino v osnovni šoli in gimnaziji ter kataloga znanja za zgodovino v srednjem strokovnem in poklicnem tehniškem izobraževanju z vidika vključenosti učnih ciljev in vsebin ter standardov znanja in pričakovanih dosežkov/rezultatov o zgodovini slovenske osamosvojitve.
Abstract
Historical Anniversaries in a Culture of Remembrance
The article shows how a culture of remembrance can be promoted by commemorating anniversaries during history lessons. It explains the theory behind the culture of remembrance with the key concepts such as: collective memory as a supraindividual pool of memories; memory creation; borrowed memory; contemporary witnesses that convey communicative memory, which then turns into cultural memory with the death of these witnesses. Cultural memory is being preserved at the institutional level with remembrance days (national holidays), monuments and memorials, education, cultural institutions (e.g. museums, archives), etc. The article also presents two fine examples of preserving cultural memory at the international level, i.e. the commemoration of the Carinthian plebiscite and the landscape of remembrance on the site of the Battles of the Isonzo. It focuses on promoting the culture of remembrance on the 30th anniversary of Slovenia’s attainment of independence and the remembrance days connected with Slovenia’s attainment of independence, which are being commemorated every year in the form of national holidays at the national and school level (commemoration of the Independence and Unity Day and of Statehood Day has been enacted). The article explains how to achieve a positive identification with the values of Slovenian independence and state. It presents teaching materials created on the 30th anniversary of Slovenia’s attainment of independence that are intended for remembrance lessons and celebrations, and for regular lessons discussing the attainment of independence. All materials have been published on the portal www.zbralismopogum.si. The timeline has been attached to this issue of the journal Zgodovina v šoli [History in School]; its digital version has been published on the portal www.zbralismopogum.si, together with other materials that make up a virtual three-part exhibition with introductory videos titled Plebiscit [Plebiscite], Osamosvojitev [Attainment of Independence], Vojna [War]. Exercises and activities for students intended for learning through the use of materials from the above-mentioned portal have been included in workbooks for primary and secondary schools (they are available on the portal). The article also presents modern didactic approaches to promoting the culture of remembrance, e.g. working with timelines; working with primary historical sources with emphasis on first-hand accounts and sources (which fall under primary historical sources); authentic learning with authentic exercises in the publication Zbrali smo pogum [We Summoned up the Courage], which is intended for discussing the plebiscite; museum educational work; historical fieldwork; project work; a remembrance lesson during distance education. The article also includes an analysis of history curricula in primary and grammar schools, and of the catalogue of knowledge standards for history in secondary technical and vocational education regarding the inclusion of learning objectives and contents, and of the target knowledge and expected achievements/results relating to the history of Slovenia’s attainment of independence.