Izvleček
Srednjeveški trg Gutenwerd je od 12. do 15. stoletja obstajal v okljuku Krke na Šentjernejskem polju kot del posesti škofije iz Freisinga na Bavarskem, a pogosto v fevdu različnih gospodov, npr. grofov Andeških in vojvod Babenberžanov. Več kot 100 dokumentov od sredine stoletja do leta 1500 omenja Gutenwerd: mitnico in brod prek Krke, sodnika in sedež krvnega sodstva, župnika in cerkev sv. Nikolaja, posamezne tržane. V prvi polovici 13. stoletja so v trgu kovali srebrne breške pfenige, dokaz trgovine in stikov Gutenwerda ob pomembni poti med severno Italijo in Ogrsko. V trgu so živeli trgovci in obrtniki, plemiči i n duhovniki ter urbani kmetje in vrtnarji. Leta 1473 so Gutenwerd uničili osmanski Turki in je prenehal obstajati, ostanke sta zarasla trava in grmovje, ohranila se je le cerkev sv. Nikolaja. Lokacijo opuščene naselbine so na ledini Otok pri Dobravi našli arheologi Narodnega muzeja iz Ljubljane in z izkopavanji (1967–1984) odkrili ostanke lesenih in kamnitih hiš, temelje romanske cerkve in tlakovano cesto, v cerkvi sv. Nikolaja pa temelje romanske in gotske arhitekture ter 44 grobov iz poznega srednjega in zgodnjega novega veka. Izkopali so ostanke železarskih delavnic, strojarskih jam in kurišč. Tisoče odlomkov lončenih posod, raznovrstno orodje in predmeti za vsakdanjo rabo iz gline, železa, bakra, brona, medenine, kamna, kosti, rogovine, stekla in usnja dokumentirajo vsakdanje življenje v srednjem veku bolje kot katerokoli drugo arheološko najdišče v Sloveniji. Gutenwerd kot izjemen primer kulturne dediščine ima velik potencial za nadaljnje arheološke in druge, predvsem naravoslovne raziskave.
Abstract
Once There Was Gutenwerd
Between the 12th and the 15th century, the medieval square Gutenwerd existed in the meander of the river Krka on the Šentjernej field as part of the land of the Freising diocese in Bavaria, but was often a feudal estate of different nobility, for example Counts of Andechs and dukes of the House of Babenberg. More than 100 documents from the mid-13th century to the year 1500 mention Gutenwerd: a tollbooth and ferry across the river Krka, a judge and blood-court seat, a pastor in Saint Nicholas church, individual inhabitants. In the first half of the 13th century, the square was a place where they forged silver Friesacher pfennigs, which proves the Gutenwerd trade and connections along the important pathway between the northern Italy and Ogrska. The square was inhabited by merchants and artisans, nobility and clergy, as well as urban peasants and gardeners. In 1473, Gutenwerd was destroyed by the Ottoman Turks, which ended its existence. The remains were overgrown by the grass and bushes, only Saint Nicholas church was preserved. The location of the abandoned settlement was discovered by the Ljubljana National Museum archaeologists on the fallow ground Otok pri Dobravi. During excavation (1967–1984), they uncovered the remains of wooden and stone houses, the foundations of a Roman church and a paved road, and in the Saint Nicholas church, the foundations of the Roman and Gothic architecture, as well as 44 graves from the late Middle Ages and early modern period. They dug out the remains of ironsmith shops, engineering caves in coal mines. Thousands of pottery pieces, different tools and objects for everyday use made from clay, iron, copper, bronze, brass, stone, bone, antlers, glass and leather document everyday life in the Middle Ages better than any other archaeological site in Slovenia. As an exceptional example of cultural heritage, Gutenwerd holds great potential for further archaeological and other, mainly natural science, research.