https://doi.org/10.59132/zvs/2026/1/74-89
Izvleček
Prva svetovna vojna je v Iranu sprožila neizbežno krizo, ki jo je vsaj navidezno rešil Reza Khan, ko je leta 1921 na čelu kozaške divizije vkorakal v Teheran in si prisvojil oblast. Novi šah je obšel vplivno šiitsko duhovščino in nasilno odpravljal stare šege in izročila, da bi državo posodobil. Leta 1941 ga je nasledil sin Mohamed Reza Pahlavi. Navzočnost tujih čet v Iranu med drugo svetovno vojno je prebudila nacionalizem, ki je naraščal tudi po koncu vojne. Leta 1951, ko je premier Mosadik nacionaliziral naftno industrijo in celo odstavil šaha, se je pojavil na obzorju že prvi pravi razcvet demokracije v Iranu. Padanje svetovnih cen nafte, združeno z britanskim bojkotom iranske nafte, je Iran toliko prizadelo, da tujcem ni bilo težko ustaviti Mosadika. Po državnem udaru leta 1953 se je šah vrnil na prestol, tujci pa so spet dobili odločilen položaj v naftni industriji. Vse do revolucije leta 1979 so sledila leta, ko si je šah prizadeval razvijati Iran po zahodnih zgledih. Vpeljal je hitro industrializacijo in odpravo fevdalizma, vendar je z represivnimi ukrepi vse bolj izgubljal podporo. Nasilje tajne policije, omalovaževanje vere, korupcija in vse večja odvisnost Irana od zahodnih sil so pripeljali do vsesplošne ljudske vstaje. Vstaja in splošni nemiri so šaha prisilili, da je v začetku leta 1979 moral zapusti Iran. Prvega februarja se je iz pregnanstva vrnil duhovni vodja ajatola Homeini. Po 2500 letih se je tako končala perzijska monarhija in obrnil se je nov list v zgodovini Irana. Vodenje Irana so prevzeli ajatole, najvišji muslimanski duhovniki v državi. Iran je tako postal Islamska republika, ki jo vodi verski poglavar, ki je odgovoren za ideologijo, politiko ter za duhovno življenje.
Abstract
Iran during the Pahlavi Dynasty
The First World War triggered an inevitable crisis in Iran, which was at least superficially resolved by Reza Khan, when he entered Tehran at the head of the Cossack Division in 1921 and seized power. The new shah bypassed the influential Shiite clergy and forcibly abolished traditional customs and practices in an effort to modernize the country. In 1941, he was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The presence of foreign troops in Iran during the Second World War awakened nationalism, which continued to grow after the war. In 1951, when Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh nationalized the oil industry and even deposed the shah, Iran appeared to be experiencing its first genuine flowering of democracy. However, the falling global oil prices combined with a British boycott of Iranian oil severely weakened the country, making it relatively easy for foreign powers to remove Mosaddegh from office. Following the coup d’état of 1953, the shah returned to the throne, while foreign interests once again secured a decisive role in the oil industry. Until the revolution of 1979, the shah sought to develop Iran according to the Western models. He introduced a rapid industrialization and abolished the feudal structures, but increasingly lost public support through repressive measures. The violence of the secret police, the marginalization of religion, corruption, and Iran’s growing dependence on the Western powers ultimately led to a widespread popular uprising. The uprising and general unrest forced the shah to leave Iran in early 1979. On 1 February, the exiled religious leader Ruhollah Khomeini returned to the country. Thus, after 2500 years, the Persian monarchy came to an end, opening a new chapter in Iranian history. Leadership passed into the hands of the ayatollahs, the country’s highest-ranking Muslim clerics. Iran consequently became an Islamic Republic, led by a supreme religious authority responsible for ideology, politics, and spiritual life.